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NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the best method to proactively train an LLM so that there is mathematical proof that no specific piece of training data has more than a negligible effect on the model or its output?
- A. Differential privacy.
- B. Data compartmentalization.
- C. Clustering.
- D. Transfer learning.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Differential privacy is a technique used to ensure that the inclusion or exclusion of a single data point does not significantly affect the outcome of any analysis, providing a way to mathematically prove that no specific piece of training data has more than a negligible effect on the model or its output. This is achieved by introducing randomness into the data or the algorithms processing the data. In the context of training large language models (LLMs), differential privacy helps in protecting individual data points while still enabling the model to learn effectively. By adding noise to the training process, differential privacy provides strong guarantees about the privacy of the training data.
Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, pages related to data privacy and security in model training.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Under the NIST Al Risk Management Framework, all of the following are defined as characteristics of trustworthy Al EXCEPT?
- A. Explainable and Interpretable.
- B. Tested and Effective.
- C. Secure and Resilient.
- D. Accountable and Transparent.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The NIST AI Risk Management Framework outlines several characteristics of trustworthy AI, including being secure and resilient, explainable and interpretable, and accountable and transparent. While being tested and effective is important, it is not explicitly listed as a characteristic of trustworthy AI in the NIST framework.
The focus is more on the system's ability to function safely, securely, and transparently in a way that stakeholders can understand and trust. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge, NIST AI RMF section.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Training data is best defined as a subset of data that is used to?
- A. Enable a model to detect and learn patterns.
- B. Fine-tune a model to improve accuracy and prevent overfitting.
- C. Resemble the structure and statistical properties of production data.
- D. Detect the initial sources of biases to mitigate prior to deployment.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Training data is used to enable a model to detect and learn patterns. During the training phase, the model learns from the labeled data, identifying patterns and relationships that it will later use to make predictions on new, unseen data. This process is fundamental in building an AI model's capability to perform tasks accurately. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on Model Training and Pattern Recognition.
NEW QUESTION # 27
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
XYZ Corp., a premier payroll services company that employs thousands of people globally, is embarking on a new hiring campaign and wants to implement policies and procedures to identify and retain the best talent. The new talent will help the company's product team expand its payroll offerings to companies in the healthcare and transportation sectors, including in Asia.
It has become time consuming and expensive for HR to review all resumes, and they are concerned that human reviewers might be susceptible to bias.
Address these concerns, the company is considering using a third-party Al tool to screen resumes and assist with hiring. They have been talking to several vendors about possibly obtaining a third-party Al-enabled hiring solution, as long as it would achieve its goals and comply with all applicable laws.
The organization has a large procurement team that is responsible for the contracting of technology solutions.
One of the procurement team's goals is to reduce costs, and it often prefers lower-cost solutions. Others within the company are responsible for integrating and deploying technology solutions into the organization's operations in a responsible, cost-effective manner.
The organization is aware of the risks presented by Al hiring tools and wants to mitigate them. It also questions how best to organize and train its existing personnel to use the Al hiring tool responsibly. Their concerns are heightened by the fact that relevant laws vary across jurisdictions and continue to change.
Which other stakeholder groups should be involved in the selection and implementation of the Al hiring tool?
- A. Litigation and Product Development.
- B. Marketing and Compliance.
- C. Finance and Legal.
- D. Supply Chain and Marketing.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In the selection and implementation of the AI hiring tool, involving Finance and Legal is crucial. The Finance team is essential for assessing cost implications, budget considerations, and financial risks. The Legal team is necessary to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including those related to data privacy, employment, and anti-discrimination. Involving these stakeholders ensures a comprehensive evaluation of both the financial viability and legal compliance of the AI tool, mitigating potential risks and aligning with organizational objectives and regulatory requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following best defines an "Al model"?
- A. A program that has been trained on a set of data to find patterns within the data.
- B. A corpus of data which an Al algorithm analyzes to make predictions.
- C. A system of controls that is used to govern an Al algorithm.
- D. A system that applies defined rules to execute tasks.
Answer: A
Explanation:
An AI model is best defined as a program that has been trained on a set of data to find patterns within that data. This definition captures the essence of machine learning, where the model learns from the data to make predictions or decisions. Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, which provides a detailed explanation of AI models and their training processes.
NEW QUESTION # 29
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
A local police department in the United States procured an Al system to monitor and analyze social media feeds, online marketplaces and other sources of public information to detect evidence of illegal activities (e.g., sale of drugs or stolen goods). The Al system works by surveilling the public sites in order to identify individuals that are likely to have committed a crime. It cross-references the individuals against data maintained by law enforcement and then assigns a percentage score of the likelihood of criminal activity based on certain factors like previous criminal history, location, time, race and gender.
The police department retained a third-party consultant assist in the procurement process, specifically to evaluate two finalists. Each of the vendors provided information about their system's accuracy rates, the diversity of their training data and how their system works. The consultant determined that the first vendor's system has a higher accuracy rate and based on this information, recommended this vendor to the police department.
The police department chose the first vendor and implemented its Al system. As part of the implementation, the department and consultant created a usage policy for the system, which includes training police officers on how the system works and how to incorporate it into their investigation process.
The police department has now been using the Al system for a year. An internal review has found that every time the system scored a likelihood of criminal activity at or above 90%, the police investigation subsequently confirmed that the individual had, in fact, committed a crime. Based on these results, the police department wants to forego investigations for cases where the Al system gives a score of at least 90% and proceed directly with an arrest.
When notifying an accused perpetrator, what additional information should a police officer provide about the use of the Al system?
- A. Information about how the individual was identified by the Al system.
- B. Information about the accuracy of the Al system.
- C. Information about how the accused can oppose the charges.
- D. Information about the composition of the training data of the system.
Answer: A
Explanation:
When notifying an accused perpetrator, the police officer should provide information about how the individual was identified by the AI system. This transparency is crucial for maintaining trust and ensuring that the accused understands the basis of the charges against them. Information about the accuracy, how to oppose the charges, and the composition of the training data, while potentially relevant, do not directly address the immediate need for the accused to understand the specific process that led to their identification. Reference:
AIGP Body of Knowledge on AI Transparency and Explainability.
NEW QUESTION # 30
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
Good Values Corporation (GVC) is a U.S. educational services provider that employs teachers to create and deliver enrichment courses for high school students. GVC has learned that many of its teacher employees are using generative Al to create the enrichment courses, and that many of the students are using generative Al to complete their assignments.
In particular, GVC has learned that the teachers they employ used open source large language models ("LLM") to develop an online tool that customizes study questions for individual students. GVC has also discovered that an art teacher has expressly incorporated the use of generative Al into the curriculum to enable students to use prompts to create digital art.
GVC has started to investigate these practices and develop a process to monitor any use of generative Al, including by teachers and students, going forward.
Which of the following risks should be of the highest concern to individual teachers using generative Al to ensure students learn the course material?
- A. Copyright infringement.
- B. Model accuracy.
- C. Financial cost.
- D. Technical complexity.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The highest concern for individual teachers using generative AI to ensure students learn the course material is model accuracy. Ensuring that the AI-generated content is accurate and relevant to the curriculum is crucial for effective learning. If the AI model produces inaccurate or irrelevant content, it can mislead students and hinder their understanding of the subject matter.
Reference: According to the AIGP Body of Knowledge, one of the core risks posed by AI systems is the accuracy of the data and models used. Ensuring the accuracy of AI-generated content is essential for maintaining the integrity of the educational material and achieving the desired learning outcomes.
NEW QUESTION # 31
A Canadian company is developing an Al solution to evaluate candidates in the course of job interviews.
Before offering the Al solution in the EU market, the company must take all of the following steps EXCEPT?
- A. Register the Al solution in a public EU database.
- B. Engage a third-party auditor to perform a bias audit.
- C. Draw up technical documentation and instructions for use.
- D. Establish a risk and quality management system.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Before offering an AI solution in the EU market, a Canadian company must take several steps to comply with the EU AI Act. These steps include establishing a risk and quality management system (B), engaging a third-party auditor to perform a bias audit (C), and drawing up technical documentation and instructions for use (D). However, there is no requirement to register the AI solution in a public EU database (A). This registration step is not specified as part of the compliance requirements under the EU AI Act for such solutions.
NEW QUESTION # 32
What is the key feature of Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) that makes them well-suited to running Al applications?
- A. GPUs run many tasks concurrently, resulting in faster processing.
- B. The number of transistors on GPUs doubles every two years, making thechips smaller and lighter.
- C. GPUs can run every task on a computer, making them more robust than CPUs.
- D. GPUs can access memory quickly, resulting in lower latency than CPUs.
Answer: A
Explanation:
GPUs (Graphical Processing Units) are well-suited to running AI applications due to their ability to run many tasks concurrently, which significantly enhances processing speed. This parallel processing capability makes GPUs ideal for handling the large-scale computations required in AI and deep learning tasks. Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, which explains the importance of compute infrastructure in AI applications.
NEW QUESTION # 33
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
A mid-size US healthcare network has decided to develop an Al solution to detect a type of cancer that is most likely arise in adults. Specifically, the healthcare network intends to create a recognition algorithm that will perform an initial review of all imaging and then route records a radiologist for secondary review pursuant Agreed-upon criteria (e.g., a confidence score below a threshold).
To date, the healthcare network has taken the following steps: defined its Al ethical principles: conducted discovery to identify the intended uses and success criteria for the system: established an Al governance committee; assembled a broad, crossfunctional team with clear roles and responsibilities; and created policies and procedures to document standards, workflows, timelines and risk thresholds during the project.
The healthcare network intends to retain a cloud provider to host the solution and a consulting firm to help develop the algorithm using the healthcare network's existing data and de-identified data that is licensed from a large US clinical research partner.
Which of the following steps can best mitigate the possibility of discrimination prior to training and testing the Al solution?
- A. Engage a third party to perform an audit.
- B. Create a bias bounty program.
- C. Perform an impact assessment.
- D. Procure more data from clinical research partners.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Performing an impact assessment is the best step to mitigate the possibility of discrimination before training and testing the AI solution. An impact assessment, such as a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) or Algorithmic Impact Assessment (AIA), helps identify potential biases and discriminatory outcomes that could arise from the AI system. This process involves evaluating the data and the algorithm for fairness, accountability, and transparency. It ensures that any biases in the data are detected and addressed, thus preventing discriminatory practices and promoting ethical AI deployment. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on Ethical AI and Impact Assessments.
NEW QUESTION # 34
All of the following are reasons to deploy a challenger Al model in addition a champion Al model EXCEPT to?
- A. Provide a framework to consider alternatives to the champion model.
- B. Retrain the champion model.
- C. Automate real-time monitoring of the champion model.
- D. Perform testing on the champion model.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Deploying a challenger AI model alongside a champion model is a strategy used to compare the performance of different models in a real-world environment. This approach helps in providing a framework to consider alternatives to the champion model, automating real-time monitoring of the champion model, and performing testing on the champion model. However, retraining the champion model is not a reason to deploy a challenger model. Retraining is a separate process that involves updating the champion model with new data or techniques, which is not related to the use of a challenger model.
Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, sections on model evaluation and management.
NEW QUESTION # 35
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
ABC Corp, is a leading insurance provider offering a range of coverage options to individuals. ABC has decided to utilize artificial intelligence to streamline and improve its customer acquisition and underwriting process, including the accuracy and efficiency of pricing policies.
ABC has engaged a cloud provider to utilize and fine-tune its pre-trained, general purpose large language model ("LLM"). In particular, ABC intends to use its historical customer data-including applications, policies, and claims-and proprietary pricing and risk strategies to provide an initial qualification assessment of potential customers, which would then be routed a human underwriter for final review.
ABC and the cloud provider have completed training and testing the LLM, performed a readiness assessment, and made the decision to deploy the LLM into production. ABC has designated an internal compliance team to monitor the model during the first month, specifically to evaluate the accuracy, fairness, and reliability of its output. After the first month in production, ABC realizes that the LLM declines a higher percentage of women's loan applications due primarily to women historically receiving lower salaries than men.
What is the best strategy to mitigate the bias uncovered in the loan applications?
- A. Document all instances of bias in the data set.
- B. Procure a third-party statistical bias assessment tool.
- C. Retrain the model with data that reflects demographic parity.
- D. Delete all gender-based data in the data set.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Retraining the model with data that reflects demographic parity is the best strategy to mitigate the bias uncovered in the loan applications. This approach addresses the root cause of the bias by ensuring that the training data is representative and balanced, leading to more equitable decision-making by the AI model.
Reference: The AIGP Body of Knowledge stresses the importance of using high-quality, unbiased training data to develop fair and reliable AI systems. Retraining the model with balanced data helps correct biases that arise from historical inequalities, ensuring that the AI system makes decisions based on equitable criteria.
NEW QUESTION # 36
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
A mid-size US healthcare network has decided to develop an Al solution to detect a type of cancer that is most likely arise in adults. Specifically, the healthcare network intends to create a recognition algorithm that will perform an initial review of all imaging and then route records a radiologist for secondary review pursuant agreed-upon criteria (e.g., a confidence score below a threshold).
To date, the healthcare network has taken the following steps: defined its Al ethical principles: conducted discovery to identify the intended uses and success criteria for the system: established an Al governance committee; assembled a broad, crossfunctional team with clear roles and responsibilities; and created policies and procedures to document standards, workflows, timelines and risk thresholds during the project.
The healthcare network intends to retain a cloud provider to host the solution and a consulting firm to help develop the algorithm using the healthcare network's existing data and de-identified data that is licensed from a large US clinical research partner.
In the design phase, what is the most important step for the healthcare network to take when mapping its existing data to the clinical research partner data?
- A. Identify fits and gaps in the combined data.
- B. Ensure the data is labeled and formatted.
- C. Evaluate the country of origin of the data.
- D. Apply privacy-enhancing technologies to the data.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the design phase of integrating data from different sources, identifying fits and gaps is crucial. This process involves understanding how well the data from the clinical research partner aligns with the healthcare network's existing data. It ensures that the combined data set is coherent and can be effectively used for training the AI algorithm. This step helps in spotting any discrepancies, inconsistencies, or missing data that might affect the performance and accuracy of the AI model. It directly addresses the integrity and compatibility of the data, which is foundational before applying any privacy-enhancing technologies, labeling, or evaluating the origin of the data. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge on Data Integration and Quality.
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the following is NOT a common type of machine learning?
- A. Reinforcement learning.
- B. Deep learning.
- C. Cognitive learning.
- D. Unsupervised learning.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The common types of machine learning include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and deep learning. Cognitive learning is not a type of machine learning; rather, it is a term often associated with the broader field of cognitive science and psychology. Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE and standard AI/ML literature.
NEW QUESTION # 38
All of the following may be permissible uses of an Al system under the EU Al Act EXCEPT?
- A. To promote equitable distribution of welfare benefits.
- B. To implement social scoring.
- C. To manage border control.
- D. To detect an individual's intent for law enforcement purposes.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The EU AI Act explicitly prohibits the use of AI systems for social scoring by public authorities, as it can lead to discrimination and unfair treatment of individuals based on their social behavior or perceived trustworthiness. While AI can be used to promote equitable distribution of welfare benefits, manage border control, and even detect an individual's intent for law enforcement purposes (within strict regulatory and ethical boundaries), implementing social scoring systems is not permissible under the Act due to the significant risks to fundamental rights and freedoms.
NEW QUESTION # 39
A company initially intended to use a large data set containing personal information to train an Al model.
After consideration, the company determined that it can derive enough value from the data set without any personal information and permanently obfuscated all personal data elements before training the model.
This is an example of applying which privacy-enhancing technique (PET)?
- A. Federated learning.
- B. Differential privacy.
- C. Anonymization.
- D. Pseudonymization.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Anonymization is a privacy-enhancing technique that involves removing or permanently altering personal data elements to prevent the identification of individuals. In this case, the company obfuscated all personal data elements before training the model, which aligns with the definition of anonymization. This ensures that the data cannot be traced back to individuals, thereby protecting their privacy while still allowing the company to derive value from the dataset. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge, privacy-enhancing techniques section.
NEW QUESTION # 40
To maintain fairness in a deployed system, it is most important to?
- A. Protect against loss of personal data in the model.
- B. Monitor for data drift that may affect performance and accuracy.
- C. Optimize computational resources and data to ensure efficiency and scalability.
- D. Detect anomalies outside established metrics that require new training data.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 41
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
XYZ Corp., a premier payroll services company that employs thousands of people globally, is embarking on a new hiring campaign and wants to implement policies and procedures to identify and retain the best talent. The new talent will help the company's product team expand its payroll offerings to companies in the healthcare and transportation sectors, including in Asia.
It has become time consuming and expensive for HR to review all resumes, and they are concerned that human reviewers might be susceptible to bias.
Address these concerns, the company is considering using a third-party Al tool to screen resumes and assist with hiring. They have been talking to several vendors about possibly obtaining a third-party Al-enabled hiring solution, as long as it would achieve its goals and comply with all applicable laws.
The organization has a large procurement team that is responsible for the contracting of technology solutions.
One of the procurement team's goals is to reduce costs, and it often prefers lower-cost solutions. Others within the company are responsible for integrating and deploying technology solutions into the organization's operations in a responsible, cost-effective manner.
The organization is aware of the risks presented by Al hiring tools and wants to mitigate them. It also questions how best to organize and train its existing personnel to use the Al hiring tool responsibly. Their concerns are heightened by the fact that relevant laws vary across jurisdictions and continue to change.
Which of the following measures should XYZ adopt to best mitigate its risk of reputational harm from using the Al tool?
- A. Test the Al tool pre- and post-deployment.
- B. Ensure the vendor assumes responsibility for all damages.
- C. Continue to require XYZ's hiring personnel to manually screen all applicants.
- D. Direct the procurement team to select the most economical Al tool.
Answer: A
Explanation:
To mitigate the risk of reputational harm from using an AI hiring tool, XYZ Corp should rigorously test the AI tool both before and after deployment. Pre-deployment testing ensures the tool works correctly and does not introduce bias or other issues. Post-deployment testing ensures the tool continues to operate as intended and adapts to any changes in data or usage patterns. This approach helps to identify and address potential issues proactively, thereby reducing the risk of reputational harm. Ensuring the vendor assumes responsibility for damages (B) does not address the root cause of potential issues, selecting the most economical tool (C) may compromise quality, and continuing manual screening (D) defeats the purpose of using the AI tool.
NEW QUESTION # 42
All of the following are common optimization techniques in deep learning to determine weights that represent the strength of the connection between artificial neurons EXCEPT?
- A. Autoregression, which analyzes and makes predictions about time-series data.
- B. Gradient descent, which initially sets weights arbitrary values, and then at each step changes them.
- C. Momentum, which improves the convergence speed and stability of neural network training.
- D. Backpropagation, which starts from the last layer working backwards.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Autoregression is not a common optimization technique in deep learning to determine weights for artificial neurons. Common techniques include gradient descent, momentum, and backpropagation. Autoregression is more commonly associated with time-series analysis and forecasting rather than neural network optimization.
Reference: AIGP BODY OF KNOWLEDGE, which discusses common optimization techniques used in deep learning.
NEW QUESTION # 43
CASE STUDY
Please use the following answer the next question:
ABC Corp, is a leading insurance provider offering a range of coverage options to individuals. ABC has decided to utilize artificial intelligence to streamline and improve its customer acquisition and underwriting process, including the accuracy and efficiency of pricing policies.
ABC has engaged a cloud provider to utilize and fine-tune its pre-trained, general purpose large language model ("LLM"). In particular, ABC intends to use its historical customer data-including applications, policies, and claims-and proprietary pricing and risk strategies to provide an initial qualification assessment of potential customers, which would then be routed a human underwriter for final review.
ABC and the cloud provider have completed training and testing the LLM, performed a readiness assessment, and made the decision to deploy the LLM into production. ABC has designated an internal compliance team to monitor the model during the first month, specifically to evaluate the accuracy, fairness, and reliability of its output. After the first month in production, ABC realizes that the LLM declines a higher percentage of women's loan applications due primarily to women historically receiving lower salaries than men.
Which of the following is the most important reason to train the underwriters on the model prior to deployment?
- A. Tosolicit on-going feedback on model performance.
- B. Toprovide a reminder of a right appeal.
- C. Toensure they provide transparency applicants on the model.
- D. Toapply their own judgment to the initial assessment.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Training underwriters on the model prior to deployment is crucial so they can apply their own judgment to the initial assessment. While AI models can streamline the process, human judgment is still essential to catch nuances that the model might miss or to account for any biases or errors in the model's decision-making process.
Reference: The AIGP Body of Knowledge emphasizes the importance of human oversight in AI systems, particularly in high-stakes areas such as underwriting and loan approvals. Human underwriters can provide a critical review and ensure that the model's assessments are accurate and fair, integrating their expertise and understanding of complex cases.
NEW QUESTION # 44
Which of the following disclosures is NOT required for an EU organization that developed and deployed a high-risk Al system?
- A. The location(s) where data is stored.
- B. The fact that an Al system is being used.
- C. The human oversight measures employed.
- D. How an individual may contest a decision.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Under the EU AI Act, organizations that develop and deploy high-risk AI systems are required to provide several key disclosures to ensure transparency and accountability. These include the human oversight measures employed, how individuals can contest decisions made by the AI system, and informing individuals that an AI system is being used. However, there is no specific requirement to disclose the exact locations where data is stored. The focus of the Act is on the transparency of the AI system's operation and its impact on individuals, rather than on the technical details of data storage locations.
NEW QUESTION # 45
The planning phase of the Al life cycle articulates all of the following EXCEPT the?
- A. Context in which the model will operate.
- B. Approach to governance.
- C. Choice of the architecture.
- D. Objective of the model.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The planning phase of the AI life cycle typically includes defining the objective of the model, choosing the appropriate architecture, and understanding the context in which the model will operate. However, the approach to governance is usually established as part of the overall AI governance framework, not specifically within the planning phase. Governance encompasses broader organizational policies and procedures that ensure AI development and deployment align with legal, ethical, and operational standards. Reference: AIGP Body of Knowledge, AI lifecycle planning phase section.
NEW QUESTION # 46
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